Causes of Stress Among Teachers

How To Improve School For Todays Young Learners Education Essay

Step by step instructions to Improve School For Todays Young Learners Education Essay There is a lot of research that has investigated the advantages of in-school Physical instruction. With an enormous number of schools and understudies taking an interest, control bunches have had the option to follow the favorable circumstances and drawbacks of in-school Physical instruction. The ends, translations, and proposals for Physical Education have decided a general scholarly exhibition increment has happened in the understudies with legitimate Physical Education guidance. The need to improve the educational systems for todays youthful students ought to be at the zenith of training change. Step by step instructions to improve school for todays youthful students There is a rising worry with the improvement of our kids and their scholarly exhibition in contrast with other industrialized nations all through the world. On the off chance that the United States needs to stay serious on the planet advertise, it needs to address the issues including the people in the future. On the off chance that the instruction of past ages has demonstrated to be lacking, an explanation for improving the educational systems will make more astute ages for what's to come. Improving the countries educational system is a troublesome and fragile venture. On the off chance that we attempt to change the educational program, figuring out which educational plan to change becomes excessively expository. Does perusing need more consideration than composing? Does composing need more consideration than Arithmetic? Exposing each understudy to state sanctioned test has been the determinant of all the predominant inquiries. Educate to the test is the normal saying to portray our basic scholastics. The attention is on the test, and has detracted from the learning. The government sanctioned testing does little to improve the information on the understudy, yet the learning gives the understudies an extremely valuable ware. The schools need to take a gander at increasingly dynamic methods for development; address the necessities of the understudies and the educators, not the states prerequisites for test scores. There has been critical research on the impacts of in-school Physical Education and its advantages. The continuation of in-school physical instruction will improveâ overall understudy scholarly execution and anâ array of physical and mental aptitudes. Physical Education is a subject that is makes better understudies and has an extra advantage of wellbeing. Schools at present have Physical Education as a major aspect of the every day educational plan, yet the measure of time designated for legitimate physical training is reducing. This might be unfavorably influencing the general execution, understudies who had moderate to significant levels of physical movement inside P.E. detailed less consideration issues during class and more long periods of post-secondary school educational㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦ (Exner, A. 2009). A case of a change to the school educational program is decrease the measure of time for lunch and break and present sorted out game or play. The extra physical action builds the mindfulness of the understudies, and will bring about better understanding or maintenance of the course material. With a superior comprehension of the school material the understudies are increasingly certain about their examinations and are all the more ready to seek after post secondary school instruction. In the event that our country needs remain serious with different countries, we have to create more intelligent understudies from the earliest stages of training, worse test takers. The psychological aptitudes upgrades related with work out, look into shows that physical action improves scholastic ability learning, fixation, memory, study hall conduct, and general scholarly execution, (Exner, A. 2009) are the things that should be tended to. On the off chance that schools center around building up the focus and memory of kids, at that point the youngsters will learn more in the assigned time for school. Building up the abilities to learn just as learning itself will profit our educational system enormously. Homeroom guidance is a basic in the establishment of instruction, and quality Physical Education ought to be incorporated. Physical Education is a convoluted; guaranteeing that schools appropriately apply quite a few equations for physical training will bring about better cognizance in youngsters. Lounsbery and Smith (2009) have indentified that Quality physical instruction is characterized by norms identified with five basic components: (1) who shows it, (2) how regularly understudies get it, (3) what is educated, (4) how well understudies ought to perform, and (5) for what reason it is instructed. The schools should be certain all instructors get, at least, fundamental physical movement preparing. Giving the instructors the apparatuses to appropriately apply physical training will help them with the in study hall subjects also. A legitimate equalization of instruction in schools should be kept up. In the event that we detract from physical instruction and provide for math or perusing the harmony of training is distracted. Scholarly accomplishment will win in the understudies with the best possible meas ure of Physical Education. Our country is falling behind on the general grades, because of the adjustment in educational plan. Here and there it is important to slice subjects because of budgetary imperatives, however cutting the things that antagonistically influence the understudies is a superior thought than lessening the subject demonstrated to build the profitability of the understudies. At the point when enactment calls for training spending cuts, the main things in peril are physical exercises and extra curricular games programs. The requests of lawmakers and the legislature are discouraging the progression of scholastic execution in this nation. Adjusting the subjects in all region of the scholastic procedure should be kept up, so as to give understudies the vital devices to prevail in school and life. An equivalent treatment of all subjects will make an air for higher learning gauges. As young people make the change to adulthood, they require abilities that will help them in making self-evaluations, a rranging individual projects, setting goals㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦(self-checking), deciding, and tackling issues (Le Masurier, G,â Corbin, C.â 2006). So as to improve schools for the youthful students of today and ages to come, tending to the requirements of creating psyche and body go connected at the hip. The body is the conveying case for the psyche and its abilities. The various advantages of Physical training reach out outside of the homeroom. Self-improvement and development in the dynamic procedure are likewise among the numerous qualities to physical instruction. Schools need for the understudies to accomplish high grades, at the danger of turning out to be in-adequate in different fields of training. Schools essential commitment to the understudy is to appropriately plan and build up the psyche and body for what ever lies ahead. Regardless of whether is be running organizations, raising families, or administering nations, the understudies that are given the correct training from the earliest starting point will be increasingly fruitful.

Signs and Symptoms of Sex Addiction

Signs and Symptoms of Sex Addiction Addiction Addictive Behaviors Sex Print Signs and Symptoms of Sex Addiction By Jerry Kennard Jerry Kennard, PhD, is a psychologist and associate fellow of the British Psychological Society. Learn about our editorial policy Jerry Kennard Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on November 28, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 05, 2020 monkeybusinessimages / Getty Images More in Addiction Addictive Behaviors Sex Caffeine Internet Shopping Alcohol Use Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Sex addiction can be conceptualized as the compulsive engagement in sex despite negative consequences. Moreover, it is a  behavior that is emotionally distressing rather than fulfilling. The concept of sex addiction has been thought of in a variety of ways. A sexual addiction does share many of the hallmarks of  clinical addiction. One of these hallmarks of addiction is that the person will be unable to control their behavior even if the negative consequences are clear (or even likely) people with a sex addiction will be unable to stop the behavior unless there is some sort of intervening event. The Difference Between an Addiction and a Compulsion As opposed to someone with a healthy sex drive, a person with a sex addiction will spend a  disproportionate amount of time seeking or engaging in sex while keeping the activity secret from others.?? As a result, personal and professional relationships may suffer. There may even be an increased risk of  sexually transmitted infection, including HIV, if a person is unable to rein in their sexual impulses. People with a sex addiction often will use sex as a form of escape from other emotional and psychological problems, including stress, anxiety, depression, and social isolation.?? Defining Features Commonly Found in People With Sex Addiction Not everyone in the medical community is convinced that sex addiction is an established diagnosis.?? Because of this, sex addiction  is not listed as a clinical diagnosis in the  Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders  (DSM) published by the  American Psychiatric Association  (APA). As a result, the diagnostic criteria for a sex addiction is often vague and subjective. However, several defining features common to people with sex addiction have been suggested.: Sex dominates the persons life to the exclusion of other activities.The person masturbates habitually when alone.The person engages in other forms of sex when alone, including phone sex, pornography, or computer sex.  The person engages in sex with multiple partners and/or has extramarital affairs.Sexual activities may be inappropriate and/or risky and may include exhibitionism, public sex, sex with prostitutes, or regular attendance at sex clubs.The constant urge  for sex is typically interspersed with feelings of regret, anxiety, depression, or shame. In fact, a sexual addiction is most often characterized by a vicious circle of hypersexuality and low self-esteem.?? Although sex can bring short-term relief, the harm to the persons psychological well-being will often increase and worsen over time. A person does not have to engage in extreme or strange sex to have an addiction. They will simply be unable to stop themselves despite the harm that they know may result from their behavior. Causes   There are a number of theories as to why a sexual addiction occurs. Some of these involve conceptualizing a sex addiction as a form of impulse control, obsessive-compulsive or relationship disorder. They also include the idea that in some individuals sexual addictions emerge as a consequence and way of coping with early traumas, including sexual trauma. In some forms of mental illness (such as bipolar disorder), hypersexuality may be a symptom. In certain instances, neurological disorders (such as epilepsy, head injury, or dementia), have been known to cause hypersexual behaviors. Certain drugs that impact dopamine may also rarely do the same. Getting Help for Sex Addiction Sexual addiction requires treatment from a medical professional experienced in the field, such as a psychologist, psychiatrist, or sex therapist.?? Treatment can vary based on the underlying cause, but will typically be conducted on an outpatient basis with counseling and behavioral therapies. If the sex addiction is associated with an anxiety disorder or mood disorder, medications may be prescribed as part of the treatment plan. There are currently no established recommendations on the appropriate use of medications to treat a sex addiction outside of the realm of these clinically classified disorders. The first point of contact can be a family doctor or local psychiatric association, both of which can make a referral to the appropriate specialist. Marital therapy may also be helpful.?? There are also a growing number of sex addiction support groups, some of which deal with co-additions (such as sex and substance abuse) and others of which are built on a 12-step recovery model.

Benefits Of Raising Minimum Wage - 1250 Words

Creating jobs, raising minimum wage, donating to the poor are not going to erase the poverty out of the United States of America. The government defines poverty as the bottom fifteen percent of annual income. No matter what one does to increase a person’s income there will always be someone in poverty. Across America there are always charities, religious groups, and civic clubs who are giving to the poor--from food giveaways, clothing giveaways, free tutoring, free health screenings, whatever else there is constantly something for the poor to benefit from. The problem is that people want to help, but if they are constantly giving the needy these items, services, or money, then are the poor becoming dependent? When will one person stop†¦show more content†¦If you teach a man to fish, you feed him for a lifetime† (â€Å"Chinese† par. 1). This ancient proverb has some truth in it. Right now in America, the poor are not being taught â€Å"how to fishà ¢â‚¬  instead they are relying on charities to give away food and clothing for them to survive. Through work readiness programs and a reform in food and clothing distribution, charities can cut the parasite of the dependent poor and prepare them to go out and earn what they need. Job preparation programs are an excellent way to minister the poor and needy by preparing them for the future and empowering them to be able to take care of themselves. In Seat Pleasant, Maryland, the Training Source offers job-training program, self-improvement workshops, and skill training. The Training Source is teaching those who do not have jobs, job skills which will equip them and help them to find a job (Singletary par. 9). Once the poor and needy have a job, they will not need to rely on donations of food and clothing to survive. In my hometown, Anniston, Alabama, the Christians Women’s Job Corp and the Christian Men’s Job Corp pairs men and women up with mentors who will help the needy with obtaining their GED, interviewing skills, resume building, how to dress for success, and applying for jobs. The job corps also provide, upon completion of classes, interview appropriate clothing and transportation to job interviews. Both of these programs are helping

Power As A General Political Science - 827 Words

Power in politics is a central concept, yet a contested one for a multitude of reasons. Chief among them is its contested nature and disagreement among political scientists over the concept itself as well as its operationalization. I refrain from further exploring the literature on power as a general political science concept and focus on its aspects related to negotiation. From an international relations perspective, realists for example, emphasize on the materialistic aspect of power; military, economy and other measurable and quantifiable sources of power (Donnelly 24). Hans Morgenthau, a classical realist, defines power as â€Å"men’s control over the minds and actions of other men†, he further states that a political power is â€Å"the mutual relations of control among the holders of public authority and between the latter and the people at large† (32). This definition, to a degree, resonates with power in negotiation since it focuses on one’s abilit y to influence the perception and action of others. This notion of power is relevant to negotiation in that either sides of a negotiation attempt to influence the decision making of the other side(s). Keohane Nye’s definition of power is closer to Morgenthau. He defines power as â€Å"the ability of an actor to get others to do something they otherwise would not do† (10). Roger Fisher defines power in terms of negotiation as â€Å"the ability to persuade someone to do something† (182). These definitions do not emphasis on the outcome aspect ofShow MoreRelatedThe Scientific Revolution and Its Impact1291 Words   |  5 Pagestheir ideas and discoveries. During this era the work of scientists were positively impacted by the views of society, the influence the church had over the general public and the power held by political leaders. 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Part Two Chapter III Free Essays

III Gavin cooked for Kay at his house that evening, opening tins and crushing garlic with a sense of ill-usage. After a row, you had to say certain things to secure a truce: those were the rules, everyone knew that. Gavin had telephoned Kay from his car on the way back from Barry’s burial and told her that he wished she had been there, that the whole day had been horrible and that he hoped he could see her that night. We will write a custom essay sample on Part Two Chapter III or any similar topic only for you Order Now He considered these humble admissions no more or less than the price he had to pay for an evening of undemanding companionship. But Kay seemed to consider them more in the light of a down payment on a renegotiated contract. You missed me. You needed me when you were upset. You’re sorry we didn’t go as a couple. Well, let’s not make that mistake again. There had been a certain complacency about the way she had treated him since; a briskness, a sense of renewed expectation. He was making spaghetti Bolognese tonight; he had deliberately omitted to buy a pudding or to lay the table in advance; he was at pains to show her that he had not made much of an effort. Kay seemed oblivious, even determined to take this casual attitude as a compliment. She sat at his small kitchen table, talking to him over the pitter-patter of rain on the skylight, her eyes wandering over the fixtures and fittings. She had not often been here. ‘I suppose Lisa chose this yellow, did she?’ She was doing it again: breaking taboos, as though they had recently passed to a deeper level of intimacy. Gavin preferred not to talk about Lisa if he could avoid it; surely she knew that by now? He shook oregano onto the mince in his frying pan and said, ‘No, this was all the previous owner. I haven’t got round to changing it yet.’ ‘Oh,’ she said, sipping wine. ‘Well, it’s quite nice. A bit bland.’ This rankled with Gavin, as, in his opinion, the interior of the Smithy was superior in every way to that of Ten Hope Street. He watched the pasta bubbling, keeping his back to her. ‘Guess what?’ she said. ‘I met Samantha Mollison this afternoon.’ Gavin wheeled around; how did Kay even know what Samantha Mollison looked like? ‘Just outside the deli in the Square; I was on my way in to get this,’ said Kay, clinking the wine bottle beside her with a flick of her nail. ‘She asked me whether I was Gavin’s girlfriend.’ Kay said it archly, but actually she had been heartened by Samantha’s choice of words, relieved to think that this was how Gavin described her to his friends. ‘And what did you say?’ ‘I said – I said yes.’ Her expression was crestfallen. Gavin had not meant to ask the question quite so aggressively. He would have given a lot to prevent Kay and Samantha ever meeting. ‘Anyway,’ Kay proceeded with a slight edge to her voice, ‘she’s asked us for dinner next Friday. Week today.’ ‘Oh, bloody hell,’ said Gavin crossly. A lot of Kay’s cheerfulness deserted her. ‘What’s the problem?’ ‘Nothing. It’s – nothing,’ he said, prodding the bubbling spaghetti. ‘It’s just that I see enough of Miles during work hours, to be honest.’ It was what he had dreaded all along: that she would worm her way in and they would become Gavin-and-Kay, with a shared social circle, so that it would become progressively more difficult to excise her from his life. How had he let this happen? Why had he allowed her to move down here? Fury at himself mutated easily into anger with her. Why couldn’t she realize how little he wanted her, and take herself off without forcing him to do the dirty? He drained the spaghetti in the sink, swearing under his breath as he speckled himself with boiling water. ‘You’d better call Miles and Samantha and tell them â€Å"no†, then,’ said Kay. Her voice had hardened. As was Gavin’s deeply ingrained habit, he sought to deflect an imminent conflict and hoped that the future would look after itself. ‘No, no,’ he said, dabbing at his wet shirt with a tea towel. ‘We’ll go. It’s fine. We’ll go.’ But in his undisguised lack of enthusiasm, he sought to put down a marker to which he could refer, retrospectively. You knew I didn’t want to go. No, I didn’t enjoy it. No, I don’t want it to happen again. They ate for several minutes in silence. Gavin was afraid that there would be another row, and that Kay would force him to discuss underlying issues again. He cast around for something to say, and so started telling her about Mary Fairbrother and the life insurance company. ‘They’re being real bastards,’ he said. ‘He was heavily insured, but their lawyers are looking for a way not to pay out. They’re trying to make out he didn’t make a full disclosure.’ ‘In what way?’ ‘Well, an uncle died of an aneurysm, too. Mary swears Barry told the insurance agent that when he signed the policy, but it’s nowhere in the notes. Presumably the bloke didn’t realize it can be a genetic thing. I don’t know that Barry did, come to †¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Gavin’s voice broke. Horrified and embarrassed, he bowed his flushing face over his plate. There was a hard chunk of grief in his throat and he couldn’t shift it. Kay’s chair legs scraped on the floor; he hoped that she was off to the bathroom, but then felt her arms around his shoulders, drawing him to her. Without thinking, he put a single arm around her, too. It was so good to be held. If only their relationship could be distilled into simple, wordless gestures of comfort. Why had humans ever learned to talk? He had dribbled snot onto the back of her top. ‘Sorry,’ he said thickly, wiping it away with his napkin. He withdrew from her and blew his nose. She dragged her chair to sit beside him and put a hand on his arm. He liked her so much better when she was silent, and her face was soft and concerned, as it was now. ‘I still can’t †¦ he was a good bloke,’ he said. ‘Barry. He was a good bloke.’ ‘Yes, everyone says that about him,’ said Kay. She had never been allowed to meet this famous Barry Fairbrother, but she was intrigued by the show of emotion from Gavin, and by the person who had caused it. ‘Was he funny?’ she asked, because she could imagine Gavin in thrall to a comedian, to a rowdy ringleader, propping up the bar. ‘Yeah, I s’pose. Well, not particularly. Normal. He liked a laugh †¦ but he was just such a †¦ such a nice bloke. He liked people, you know?’ She waited, but Gavin did not seem able to elucidate further on the niceness of Barry. ‘And the kids †¦ and Mary †¦ poor Mary †¦ God, you’ve got no idea.’ Kay continued to pat his arm gently, but her sympathy had chilled a little. No idea, she thought, what it was to be alone? No idea how hard it was to be left in sole charge of a family? Where was his pity for her, Kay? ‘They were really happy,’ said Gavin, in a cracked voice. ‘She’s in pieces.’ Wordlessly, Kay stroked his arm, reflecting that she had never been able to afford to go to pieces. ‘I’m all right,’ he said, wiping his nose on his napkin and picking up his fork. By the smallest of twitches, he indicated that she should remove her hand. How to cite Part Two Chapter III, Essay examples

Medical Billing and Coding(Certified Nursing Assistant) Essay Example

Medical Billing and Coding(Certified Nursing Assistant) Essay When I first entered into the medical field, I became a CNA (Certified Nursing Assistant). I love doing my job because I was able to help others in need. My career that I am taking is about medical billing and coding. you can also work from the comfort of your home. Since I have a disability that prevents me from working my previous career that I was in ,after not working for quite a few years I knew I needed to find a career that I could do and work from my home. This is why I chose medical billing and coding after talking to some of my cousin who was in this field. there are several category within medical billig and coding that I will describe * The definition for Medical code is the transformation descriptions that doctors and health care facility uses to describe healthcare procedures into a numeric or alphanumeric designations. This is a code number that is use to detail the accurately description of a diagnoses (what is wrong with the patient) and the procedures that was preformed to test or to correct these diagnoses. Because medicine is not always an exact science, these codes were developed to indentify all reason a person was seeking healthcare. Coding health related data permits access to health records according to the diagnoses and procedures for use in clinical care, research, and education. Some common use of medical codes in healthcare includes:Indentifying systems that must be evaluated. It also alert other health care professionals about a life threatening allergies. * Reporting services performed for reimbursement * Helping with administrative functions such as staffing, scheduling, and adding or decreasing healthcare services * Comparing facilities and planning for new services in underserved areasMedical Coding Profession  Delivering quality healthcare depends on capturing accurate and timely medical data. Medical coding professionals fulfill this need as key players in the healthcare workplace. The medical coding professional (or coder) is esponsible for translating healthcare pro viders’ diagnostic and procedural phrases into coded form. Coding professionals do this by reviewing and analyzing health records to identify relevant diagnoses and procedures for distinct patient encounters. This translation process requires interaction with the healthcare provider to ensure terms are translated correctly. Coding professionals must possess a thorough understanding of the health record’s content in order to find information to support or provide specificity for coding. We will write a custom essay sample on Medical Billing and Coding(Certified Nursing Assistant) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Medical Billing and Coding(Certified Nursing Assistant) specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Medical Billing and Coding(Certified Nursing Assistant) specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Certified medical coders are trained in the anatomy and physiology of the human body and disease processes in order to understand the etiology, pathology, symptoms, signs, diagnostic studies, treatment modalities, and prognosis of diseases and procedures to be coded. The job entails much more than simply locating diagnostic and procedural phrases in the coding manuals or with encoder software. It requires knowledge of disease processes and procedural techniques to consistently apply the correct codes. A medical coding professional works as part of a team to achieve the best quality patient careMedical coding professionals work in a variety of healthcare settings, including inpatient and outpatient healthcare settings and non-provider settings such as third-party payers and healthcare software vendorsTypical medical coding professional job descriptions include * , Hospital outpatient coder   * Hospital inpatient coder * Hospital coding manager * Professional fee coderRelated jobs, employing similar record analysis and coding skills, include: * ,p orhterHIM compliance specialistNationwide, there is a shortage of certified medical coders in hospitals, physician practices, and other healthcare facilities. According to the United States Bureau of Labor, employment of medical record and health information technicians is expected to grow much faster than the average field. Coding Classification Standards  The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) named certain types of organizations as covered entities, including health plans, healthcare clearinghouses, and certain healthcare providers. It also set the standards for the classification systems covered entities must use. Under HIPAA, covered entities must use certain codes to identify specific diagnosis and clinical procedures on claims, encounter forms, and other electronic transactions. : * International Classification of Diseases, 9th revision, Clinical Modification ICD-9-CM Volumes 1 2 (diagnosis codes) is maintained by the National Center for Health Statistics http://www. cdc. gov/nchs/icd. tm (NCHS), Centers for Disease Control (CDC) within the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). * International Classification of Diseases, 9th revision, Clinical Modification ICD-9-CM Volume 3 (procedure codes) is maintained by CMS * Current Procedure Terminology (CPT) (ou tpatient procedure codes) is maintained by the American Medical Association. * Health Care Common Procedure Coding System (HCPCS)—This code set, established by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), primarily represents items and supplies and non-physician services not covered by the American Medical Association CPT-4 codes. More information is available on the CMS Web site. International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM) is the new diagnosis coding system developed as a replacement for ICD-9-CM, Volume 1 2. International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision, Procedure Coding System (ICD-10-PCS) is the new procedure coding system developed as a replacement for ICD-9-CM, volume 3. The compliance date for ICD-10-CM for diagnoses and ICD-10-PCS for inpatient hospital procedures is October 1, 2013. More information on ICD-10-CM/PCS. * National Drug Code (NDC)—The NDC is a code that identifies the vendor (manuf acturer), product, and package size of all medications recognized by the FDA. HIPAA also names specific standards for electronic transactions. For example, submitting medical claims Transactions are electronics exchanges involving the transfer of healthcare information between two parties for specific purposes—such as a healthcare provider submitting medical claims to a health plan for payment. HIPAA adopted certain standard transactions for electronic data interchange (EDI) for the transmission of healthcare data. These transactions are: * Claims and encounter information * Payment and remittance advice * Claims status, eligibility, enrollment, and disenrollment * Referrals and authorizations * Premium paymentLearn more about how clinical classifications and clinical terminology systems work together to form the foundation of information content in the electronic health record (EHR). Clinical Terminologies and Vocabularies  Medicine’s complex language is represented in clinical terminology and vocabulary systems. Clinical terminologies represent terms related to the medical field while vocabularies are collections of terms. Both clinical terminologies and vocabularies provide a way to capture detailed data in an electronic health record (EHR). They support the transformation of paper-based to electronic records by providing a machine-readable data structure. Clinical terminologies are considered the input format while classification systems are the output format.